In memory of DAD, who passed away today from cancer.
GEORGE LEONARD PRATT..Born Dec 21, 1919----died Sun 6th January, 2013.
In the photo below, taken about 3 years ago on a Cruise ship to Australia
and the Islands, Dad is on the left with Mum, and Helen and I are on the right.
.JPG)
Chapter EIGHT-(2013 series of articles)
NOTES for Breeders Cup , New Zealand
INBRED YEARLINGS AT THE 2013 KARAKA SALES.
1…..INBRED yearlings are a fascination to the pedigree
researcher.
2….Back in the 1960’s and 1970’s, memories stray to the
many trips to the Trentham NZ National Yearling sales where
the Catalogues displayed 3 generation pedigrees and this led to marking the 3x3
inbreeding crosses to such breeding greats as Hyperion, Fairway, Hurry On,
Foxlaw and mares like Eulogy, Aurora
and Double Life.
3…This led to searching out people who had been involved in
breeding endeavours outside the horse industry and some of these people extolled
the virtues of inbreeding as a secret path to success, and others that had not
benefited illuminated the evils of inbreeding, bringing to mind many
generalized examples of wrong shape, poor types, slow performers,
shy breeders and the unfortunate magnification of faults.
4…An amazing further development was when we went to see many of these inbred yearlings at the
sales, the attendants or owners didn’t know anything or very little about the inbreeding,
and MOST of them certainly didn’t know anything about what it meant.
5…When visiting over 800 stallions standing at stud in NZ
over about a 30 or so year span , many years ago to see what the sire of the
horses racing in NZ looked like, a terrific lot of information was learnt about
conformation, the transmission of characteristics, and also the similarity of
sires from the same families or sire lines.
6….The stud-masters back then generally were quite knowledgeable
and took a great interest in talking , sharing their knowledge and it was easy
to acquire a wide range of comments,
experiences and understandings on INBREEDING. Enough to write a whole book.
7…..Most stud-masters today are more professional, and
less inclined to talk about Breeding Principles and ideas.
Just about every one of them is largely concerned with
finance, acquiring commercial mares, and getting large stallion bookings.
8….Very interesting to make contact with quite a number
of avid line-breeders and notable in-breeders of horses
which initially came to our attention by the pedigrees they
had produced.
9…. All of them had had some success, to various degrees, but
lots of failures. Many culls and useless animals had been produced by their
various methods. However, a consistent theme we detected was the positive
motivation and energy radiated by each one of these breeders and the strong
positive belief they all displayed.
10….Looking back at their methods and having seen many hundreds
of INBRED animals(not going to define my definitions because there are dozens of
different contrary laws, statements, beliefs and understandings out there) have
been able to do intensive research on such matings. The records show there are many
clear cut natural laws that Nature uses. In dozens and dozens of cases, we’ve been
able to make some very accurate predictions based on the breeding of the animal, on the method used, on
its position and several other interconnected considerations.
11….Pigeons…Much worthwhile information was acquired
by studying the writings and success rate of a number of standout
breeders of pigeons. As well, about five highly successful pigeon fanciers
showed in their lofts that they were
consistently selecting highly performed Birds, and then interbreeding quite
close in a number of very skilful, thoughtful and illuminating ways.
12….These birds flew long distances, many times to
exhaustion, so were dependant on good type, good health, ability to keep
fighting and exerting, and keep repeating with incredible effort.
13….This is where real guts, outstanding ability and high
level performances show that the best of breeding, best of breeding methods,
feeding and care are essential.
14…. Looks, colour, grooming and fancy points count for very
little where PERFORMANCE is concerned.
Select traits which have a direct bearing on performance.
We had a lot of success in a short time by inbreeding from
good selected performers with excellent ancestors.
15…..But, disappointingly, it was a bit of a numbers game.
Inbreeding tended to either double up faults to produce
CULLS, or produced some with a RANGE of good and bad
characteristics, and very rarely that much desired individual appeared that had
those exceptional traits doubled up in a fortuitously manner.
For each good one that appeared, we had to CULL dozens
of mediocre or below standard individuals.
16….Horses…There was a lot of intense inbreeding at the formation
of the Thoroughbred breed in England .
17…From a few dozen mares, it seems that mitochondrial DNA studies
has narrowed the original mares down to a few handfuls. The few dozen sires original
imported sires narrowed down to the three original ancestors in the male line
that we all know about..
18…..Imagine the millions of spaces in a 20 generation
pedigree being filled hundreds of thousands of times over
by these relative few original ancestors which had great
pre-potency from their in-breeding. It was this intense pedigree
background which allowed them to become the best and most
consistent breeders at each of the following intervening generations.
19….After a few generations, the three original sires bred
on each through a very pre-potent line represented by Eclipse,
Herod and Matchem.
These three great sires all had multiple breeding on both sides of their
pedigree to mares bred in similar patterns by the unbeaten SPANKER which the
records say was bred to his own dam, the OLD MOROCCO MARE. This was extremely
close in-breeding and surely it
is no coincidence that it appears in the three most
outstanding
sires to pass on their male line way down to the present.
20…..Then followed hundreds and hundreds of inbred matings
involving ECLIPSE (Unbeaten-18wins),
HEROD- (8X Champion Sire) and MATCHEM-(3X Champion Sire), plus
unbeaten SNAP-(4X Champion sire), unbeaten HIGHFLYER-(13X Champion sire) and
unbeaten REGULUS –(8X Champion sire).
21……Because the most outstanding sires were used, the best
families, and strong inbreeding, many animals appeared that had great speed and
were highly pre-potent. They were much more successful than all other animals
which they overshadowed and displaced. By sheer merit, they became the
ancestors of the next generations, and the same patterns
appeared in their either inbred, or intensely pedigreed
offspring.
22…The records show that these bloodlines completely
dominated the breeding scene for quite a few generations
and then became important links in the background pedigrees
of the future Champion Sires, great broodmares and Champion gallopers that were
still to come.
23…If I can find the time at a later date, I’ll publish how
this has happened in unbroken chains in all the major
sire lines.
24….OVER THE CENTURIES AND EVEN TODAY, EVERY PHENOMENAL
RACEHORSE AND OUTSTANDING SIRE AND BROODMARE OWES A SIGNIFICANT DEBT TO ALL THE
VERY INBRED ANCESTORS IN THEIR PEDIGREES.
25…..They get very powerful advantages from these multiple crosses
and inbred animals. There are many consistent rules, and it would need several
books to be written to clearly describe and show all the workings of the
different methods plus their results and effects.
26…..Most importantly, thoroughbred breeders have to realize
that intensifying your pedigrees (best with using the BEST breeding stock) is
the most important tool you have
to produce the real outstanding champions, BUT in the
process because faults are more readily doubled up, you will
produce lots of CULL animals which have to be discarded.
27…..You can play safe and use less related parents for much
greater uniformity at an average level, and have less culls.
BUT your results will tend to be very average as well.
Advantages are that many faults will be in single strength
and they will tend to mask other faults.
The physical appearance of many of your foals will be more even, you
will have less physical faults, less CULLS, but you will lower your ability to
produce a standout performer by more than 10 to 30 times
depending on the performance, ancestry and breeding ability
of your breeding stock, and the actual intense breeding
methods you employ.
28…...I am not advocating IN-BREEDING 3x3 or closer here,
but the use of very intense, exceptionally powerful, less blatant, many times
more successful and more sophisticated methods of pedigree Breeding Methods.
29…..IN-BREEDING 3X3 or closer is VERY DANGEROUS, and
results in dozens of CULLS for every
outstanding animal produced. Because absolute top
performance requires optimum feeding, rearing and training,
many potential outstanding animals may not make it through
these pre racing stages. INBRED animals can have less
constitution, more leg alignment problems, be more prone
to concussion, hard tracks and accident, so this potential
unsoundness factor may also be a deterrent to success.
30….Breeders need to realize that the method of in-breeding
is quite crucial to the whole scenario. Most breeders can’t
see
beyond the actual notion of “3X3”. It is not in isolation.
It works in total conjunction with the background of the
sire
and dam, as well as with ALL THE TRAITS from the sire,
dam, and behind generations. It is complicated further by
opposing traits like speed and stamina, and the actual recombination pattern of
all the traits and tendencies in the animal itself.
31…..Whether the animal is a male or female has a big
bearing. Investigation into records show that females can tolerate MORE
IN-BREEDING, and there seems to be a different effect for each sex situation up
front and behind.
32….Was unwilling to accept there would be a different
effect for balanced as against unbalanced generations, but
have found a reasonably consistent pattern.
Of course it is more obvious for each generation that the
IN-BREEDING recedes into the past.. eg 2X2, 2X3, 3X2,
3X3, 3X4, 4X3, 4X4, 4X5, 5X4, 5X5 etc.
33….One of the biggest factors a breeder has to take into
account is the other IN-BREEDING or LINE-BREEDING methods operating at the same
time in the pedigree.
34….Every extra cross has an action and re-action effect,
especially depending on male or female considerations and
the distance from the animal itself.
35….We have been continually looking for those patterns that
allow IN-BREEDING to work. So far we have found a
dozen or so of these consistent rules or necessary
situations that if present can allow the IN-BREEDING
to work successfully OR NOT.
There are at least 4 patterns that immediately indicate
a very strong possibility for FAILURE, and breeders
should avoid these always.
36….The 3X3 IN-BREEDING has a big bearing, and contrary to
some beliefs, you can’t dismiss it and say the
influence is through them to the duplicated ancestors
behind.
It seems obvious that both the 3X3 IN-BREEDING…(AND) the next
dozen or so principles are all major deciding factors in whether the mating has
the potential to be a great performer or not.
37….IN-BRED matings have a great potential to be PRE-POTENT,
but the trick is to be pre-potent for imparting: a…………………………..speed to win
races, or
b…………………………..stamina, or
c…………………………. ability to accelerate, or
d…………………………. soundness, for repeatability.
38….There are many sires in New Zealand, Australia and the
USA now and in the past that are highly pre-potent for speed but ARE ALSO
HIGHLY PRE-POTENT FOR FAULTS AT THE SAME TIME.
39….This is the crux of breeding. Make sure your breeding
animals are all aligned in positive directions and have almost no negative
faults so will not be PRE-POTENT FOR FAULTS.
40…..Pedigree gives a guide; performance adds a further guide ; but it’s
what an animal PRODUCES that is the most reliable measure of how good an
animal’s pre-potency is.
A PROVEN SIRE OR DAM has shown that they are better
than dozens/hundreds of competitors. A NEW SIRE OR DAM may
be one of hundreds/thousands that will never
succeed in becoming a top producer.
41….He/she represents A HUGE RISK until he/she has proven
themselves to be a high quality breeding animal.
42….Using UNPROVEN SIRES extensively means the huge
numbers of disappointing progeny from these many animals
that will fail just distribute countless more useless genes and
traits throughout the breed.
43…Once the BEST animals force their way to the front
of the Sires Table or the top of the merit list, that is
when THEY SHOULD BE USED EXTENSIVELY.
Don’t forget
some are SOUNDER than others.
44……JERSEY milking cattle are another
example of the results of using IN-BREEDING…
Originally, through isolation, a small nucleus of animals
interbred to produce the JERSEY breed of milking cows.
The advantage was they developed a consistency for producing
a very high percentage of butter fat which was economically important.
The inbreeding also had a negative, because it tended to
decrease the size, and this breed was noticeable for having in-breeding
depression, a fact observable in their lighter frames compared with other
milking breeds.
45….When crossed here in New Zealand with other milking
breeds such as FREISIANS, SHORT HORNS and AYRSHIRES, the resulting offspring
were more fertile, produced more milk, were noticeably bigger in size, bigger
in bone, & more disease resistant.
46….The great English animal breeder Robert Bakewell revolutionised
cattle breeding, sheep breeding, pig breeding and draught horses by using
INBREEDING, then selectively out-crossing them and using judicious line-breeding.
47…..Using IN-BREEDING to fix type, he then doubled up
superior traits, selected the best progeny to breed from, culled the faulty
animals, then crossed for hybrid vigour.
48……Most notable was his ability to increase the size of
sheep and dramatically increase their wool production. He developed the first recognised breed of
beef cattle by in-breeding and selecting for big weight gain, then changed the
black cart horse type to become the famous Shire Horse breed.
49……To gain a big edge, he had to be very secretive about
his revolutionary methods, but his outstanding success caused his ideas and
principles to be widely copied.
The reader if referred to the many publications detailing
Bakewell’s methods and success, as well as the many internet
articles on his disciples’ successes which can be very
thought provoking for the Thoroughbred horse breeder.
50…..Corn…I’ve written before about the virtues of in-breeding
strains of corn, then crossing inbred strains with
other in-bred strains which results in superior growth, and bigger
corn yields.
These successes follow the pattern of Bakeswell’s
discoveries.
FIRST…selection of the best breeding stock
SECOND….INBREED/INTENSIFY to produce uniformity
THREE..use this pre-potent, inbred stock for cross-breeding.
FOUR.. use methods to utilize BOTH intensity and heterosis.
FIVE….breed enough numbers to produce top line progeny
SIX……cull the unfit or unworthy.
51…..Of course, a great example is crossing inter-bred
horses and inter-bred donkeys to produce mules which are hardy work animals.
They have an added advantage of great strength, greater longetivity, greater
uniformity and greater resistance to heat and disease than either in-bred
parent.
The downside is that the mule is not fertile, and inbred
stocks of parents have to be maintained to produce the next
generation.
52….Note here that SELECTION in the thoroughbred is as
important as the in-breeding, and a thorough TESTING PROGRAMME needs to be
utilized so the BEST can
be retained to have an advantage for the production of the
next generation, AND ALL UNSUITABLE ANIMALS CULLED OR disposed of.
53…..Here in New Zealand
highly selective breeders have had exceptionally success by using highly
selected in-bred strains or breeds and then crossing them to get a very high
heterosis effect to produce faster growing lambs, more and
better quality wool.
54….It has long been known by skilful breeders that crossing
of purebred (inter-bred and in-bred) pigs results in bigger litters, fortuitous
concealing of faults, better growth,
better quality carcase and better adult weight.
55…..GREYHOUNDS…
This is another PERFORMANCE breed of animals (like pigeons
and thoroughbreds) where IN-BREEDING has had a dramatic effect over many
centuries.
56….Most leading sires in the breed throughout the world
descend from just the one dog in the male line , and that is KING COB.
He had a birth date of 1839 in the United
Kingdom . With an average generation gap of
just 4 or 5 years, and going back about 80 generations, just imagine how many
crosses of this dog would appear in most pedigrees.
There are about 1 billion, 717 million, 986 thousand, 818
male spaces in about 34 generations of a pedigree, and that is less than half
way to an 80 generation pedigree.
If just about every line goes back to KING COB, we could
confidently predict that every GREYHOUND alive today has OVER A BILLION CROSSES
OF THIS DOG within its 80 generation pedigree..
57….The famous PTOLEMY dynasty of great rulers in Egypt
produced the great CLEOPATRA, Queen of Egypt .
She was the last Pharaoh of ancient Egypt ,
and as Egyptian law decreed for its rulers at that time, she married two of her
brothers, was ruler of Egypt ,
and formed romantic alliances with two other powerful rulers of Rome
called Caesar and Mark Anthony.
58…..Her parents had the same father, and there were more
than a dozen full brother/full sister or other close relationships in her near
pedigree. Cleopatra was supposed to be short, slightly overweight, with a hawk
nose but was a brilliant mathematician and an outstanding ruler.
There are hundreds of highly interesting articles and
references about her if you Google the internet.
Check out her very incestuous pedigree.
59….MICE and RATS.
Lessons can be learnt from laboratory experiments with mice and
rats where strains have been in-bred for eight to a dozen generations involving
full relations.
Each strain becomes slightly different depending on what
traits are lost and what traits then become intensified in each different
family.
60……This happened with human populations where Asians
branched out into Eskimo, Mongolian, Chinese, Japanese,
and Koreans, all of which lost some common traits from their
ancestors, then through isolation and similar matings, each
produced a uniform but different recognizable race over time in their particular
area.
Same for Asian to Eskimo to all the different USA Red Indian
Tribes.
African to Indian to Aborigines
Red Indian to all the varied South American cultures
Indian to Taiwan
to different Polynesian groups
like Hawaiians, Tahitians, Samoans, Fijians, Maoris.
61……This happens with families of horses subjected to certain
breeding methods and reduced to certain areas with limited breeding numbers.
Certain types appear with similar family traits.
Loss of fertility often occurs, and a build up of family
lines can have quite a consistent advantage.
62…. Reduction of size is common in these in-bred mice/rat
populations. Continued intensification in thoroughbred pedigrees explains the great
Pre-potency and smaller size of lots of outstanding sires like Northern Dancer,
Hyperion, Ribot, Star Kingdom,
Foxbridge, Pakistan, Danzig, Danehill and Mr Prospector.
63…..CHEETAHS are another PERFORMANCE breed.
They are reputedly the fastest animals in the world and
researchers’ can find charts showing the comparable speeds
of animals. The Cheetah always comes out first.
They are characterised by EXTREME SPEED for a short
distance, with very limited STAMINA.
64…..Over time, the continued IN-BREEDING has resulted
in a lack of variation, and a saturation of similar genes.
Because of this IN-BREEDING DEPRESSION, Cheetahs
have infertility problems and their numbers have dropped to
alarmingly low numbers and they are in danger of extinction.
65… They have 1/6th the motile spermatozoa of
domestic cats. A similar parallel is there with rats and mice because many in-bred
mice strains die out with repeated in-breeding, and loose their ability to
reproduce.
Cheetahs have such a
small gene pool, are so in-bred, and so light framed and frail. These factors
have combined so that
they now have huge difficulties conceiving and have very few
cubs. Because they are almost identical in their genetic
makeup, there seem to be numerous lethal characteristics in
their make up.
66…Although they are the fastest animals alive due to huge
IN-BREEDING practices, they have lost their constitution, their stamina, and their
ability to change with conditions and adapt which can be vital to the existence
of the breed..
67….IN-BREEDING in the GIANT PANDA bear has resulted in poor
fertility and high infant mortality.
This is repeatedly the same situation in all breeds of
animals.
IN-BREEDING leads to infertility, to lack of variation,
vigour and constitution. It decreases size. It increases
basic speed, but inhibits stamina.
68….QUARTER HORSES have been highly selected for speed and
the in-breeding has increased the speed characteristics including muscle and
this has reduced stamina.
Quarter Horses have become very fast short distance horses
with no distance capacity. All the physical traits of
huge muscling and speed totally dominant the whole
individual, and the doubling of the SPEED element
destroys balance, and this is an imbalance where
stamina is almost totally negated.
69….TROTTING and PACING horses have increased their speed
significantly by in-breeding and increasing concentrations of very pre-potent
horses in the background.
Perusing the charts of the pedigrees for Champion Pacers
almost exclusively reveal significant line-breeding and
in-breeding patterns. The same principles seem to be at work
in their pedigrees as well.
70….There are lots of thoroughbred lines that have extreme
speed, but have lots of known fragility problems like Danzig, Mr Prospector and
the Blandford line.
Their outstanding successes and pre-potency is well known,
but their discards are high due to faults in their make up.
However, because they are the best sires for passing on
class and brilliance, (PROVEN SIRES) they continue to be used with overflowing
books of mares.
71…..These outstanding animals have tremendous
concentrations in their pedigrees.
However, it is a double whammy because it helps the
outstanding pre-potency as well as ensuring faults are in double strength. The
IN-BREEDING causes both
conditions at once.
72….Usually the result is an increasing problem in quite a
few major countries where 2yo racing is becoming paramount, and bigger rewards
are being provided for both immature precocious animals, and an increasing and
huge number of sprinting races.
73…The result is more brilliant speed horses but an
increasing number of unsound legs, bad alignments,
breakdowns and increasing lack of constitution.
74….It is becoming more COMMON PLACE to inbreed,
with a huge demand for brilliant animals with outstanding
speed. The most successful Group Winners are retained, and hastily sent off to
stud to garner large Stud Fees for their owners.
Without being thoroughly tested for soundness, toughness
and repeatability, these hastily retired prone-to-accident
animals have a huge potential to add a lot of very undesirable
unsound factors to the gene pool.
75……The racecourse is the most ruthless eliminator of unfit
stock and should be utilized to its fullest extent.
IN-BREEDING and breeding from unfit parents will
produce a huge wastage, and efforts should be made to
eliminate them from the breeding pool.
76…….Racing should be an exceptional test to find the
animals best suited to be the parents of the next generation.
Nature ensures survival of the fittest in wild animal
populations, but with the thoroughbred Man has to do it
by design in an artificial but really testing way on the
racecourse.
77……Ideally, breeders should be extremely selective and use
only the best conformation, the best pedigrees and ancestry, plus absolute top
performance. However, breeding thoroughbreds is a free enterprise and everyone
is able to join in with a wide range of knowledge, finance, facility and
ambition.
78….If breeders look at
the pedigrees of dozens of highly pre-potent sires, and their best
progeny, there are quite a few BREEDING PRINCIPLES which can be utilized to
ensure slightly more stamina, better constitution, and a far better
chance of using the pre-potency to produce a standout
racehorse.
79…..If you continue to use speed selection on both parent
sides of your matings, plus add more in-breeding of the same
traits, then your youngsters will generally mature quicker, and have more
initial speed.
However, the downside is that they will fail to improve with
age, tend to fade and lose basic stamina.
There are numerous examples where such breeding methods
are producing horses that give up or start to fade even before
the end of a sprint race is reached.
80….One of the startling discoveries where speed X speed
matings were occurring in large numbers was the results
were in contrast to expectation of producing a tremendous
number of brilliant sprinters.
81….We have explored the results of THOUSANDS of speed X
speed matings.
Invariably, there appears
lots of selection for speed, plus various forms and combinations of
IN-BREEDING. Overall result was disappointing, and far, far too many of these
speed matings were very, very average performers.
82…..BALANCE of traits is essential to class, and this can
be achieved for speed matings in several ways, but most
breeders are unaware of these consistent methods or
principles.
83…..DOG BREEDS
The 300 or so dog breeds are mostly caused by branches of
dogs separating from an original wolf breed and the isolation, and unavoidable
in-breeding in a small population has led to distinct branches of the breed.
84….The doubling of faults and also doubling of desirable
traits in some animals usually results in inferior animals being eliminated.
It also allows the outstandingly pre-potent animals that
fortuitously arrive to become the progenitors of the next
and following Generations.
85….Means their hereditary and survival of the fittest
traits is the selection method for the following generations, and this allows the
best traits to be passed on to the next generation
to give them the best chance for survival and success in the
future.
86…..Interesting to see the pedigree of FOILER, the dog that
FOX TERRIERS trace to in the male line.
He has Grove Tarter in all his 4 great grand sire positions,
and in each case there, he is mated to his own daughter. Grove Nettle is in the
4 grand mother positions 3,3X3,3 and Grove
Tarter himself appears 3,4,3,4X3,4,3,4 where he
appears four times in the 3th generation and 4
times in the 4th generation through his daughters which he was mated
with.
87…..FOILER’S pedigree also shows he was IN-BRED 2x2 to Vixen, 2X2 to Grove Willie, and 1X1 to a
full-brother and full-sister.
88…..IN-BREEDING
If the reader Googles IN-BREEDING, there are thousands of
articles across the board to inform about all types of IN-BREEDING, plus many definitions,
its use, it’s results and it’s consequences. Lots of information out there, and
lots of lessons. Essential for thoroughbred breeders to understand
inheritance better and be able to make better decisions.
89…..The 2013 sale series shows there are 15 yearlings inbred 3X3 or closer in the
PREMIER SALE, 20 inbred yearlings in the SELECT SALE and 17 in the FESTIVAL
SALE.
90……Premier…441 yearlings…15 yearlings….3.40%
Select……610 yearlings…22 yearlings…3.60%
Festival….439 yearlings…17 yearlings…3.87%
91…….PREMIER SALE
INBRED YEARLINGS-
(15 INBRED YEARLINGS)
..2012 av
..2011 av
…………..DANEHILL…………….. inbred 2X3
…………..SADLERS WELLS…….. inbred 2X3
…………..DANEHILL…………….. inbred 2X4
…………..SIR TRISTRAM………… inbred
2X4
3x ……….DANEHILL…………….. inbred 3X3
2x………..DANZIG…………………inbred 3x3
2x………..NUREYEV……………….inbred 3X3
…………..CENTAINE………………inbred 3X3
…………..GRAND LUXE…………..inbred 3X3
…………..SUCCESS EXPRESS…… inbred 3X3
…………..SIR TRISTRAM inbred…..inbred 3X3
92……What is a realistic future racing assessment for these
yearlings? I have assessed every one of these
INBRED yearlings for racing purposes, but have
been informed that it would not be wise to elaborate
on other peoples livelihood and business at this stage.
This is due to possible negative responses if the owners
take
offence at someone indicating their huge efforts and
big financial outlay has very little chance of success on
the racecourse. In some instances this might lead to legal
complications, so we will respect their rights.
93……..SELECT SALE
INBRED YEARLINGS-
(22 INBRED YEARLINGS)
..2012 av
2011 av?
………….DANEHILL………………inbred 2X3
………….ZABEEL………………….inbred 2X3
………….DANEHILL………………inbred 2X4
………….DANZIG………………….inbred 2X4
2X………..DANEHILL………………inbred 3X3
2X………..SIR TRISTRAM………….inbred 3X3
2X……….BLACK TIE AFFAIRE…...inbred 3X3
3X……….DANZIG…………………..inbred 3X3
2X……….MR PROSPECTOR……….inbred 3X3
………….CENTAINE……………….inbred 3X3
………….LAST TYCOON…………..inbred 3X3
………….MR PROSPECTOR……….inbred 3X3
………….KING MAMBO…………...inbred 3X3
………….GONE WEST……………...inbred 3X3
…………..NUREYEV………………..inbred 3X3
…………..LAST TYCOON………….inbred 4X2
…………..RAHY…………………….inbred 4X2
94………What is a realistic future racing assessment for these
yearlings? There are a couple in these 2 sales which
have an expectancy for Group successes, but most
will be expected to fail the racecourse test and be a big
drain on the new buyers financial resources.
95……..FESTIVAL SALE
INBRED YEARLINGS-
(17 INBRED YEARLINGS)
2012 av
2011 av..
2x……….DANZIG………………….Inbred 2X4
2x……….DIAMOND LOVER……..Inbred 2X4
2x……….SIR TRISTRAM………….Inbred 3X3
4x……….SADLERS WELLS………Inbred 3X3
3x……….DANEHILL……………….Inbred 3x3
………….NUREYEV………………..Inbred 3X3
………….GULCH……………………Inbred 3X3
………….QUEST FOR FAME………Inbred 3X3
………….MARSCAY……………….Inbred 4X2
96……What is a realistic future racing assessment for these
yearlings? Can you pick the best one here? The odds are
really against you, but we look forward to seeing
the outcome in future years with a great deal of interest.
97…….INBREEDING TO SIR TRISTRAM
In-breeding follows rules and patterns which are discernable
over large numbers of cases. The problem for the breeder is that there can be a
BIG VARIATION in individual cases.
98…. Nature may decide to reward a doubling trait or punish
the same Method when other factors and
combinations are in the same
pedigree background. So SELECTION of outstanding ancestors seems to be of
paramount importance.
99…….I had a look at the SIRES and DAMS which were
duplicated 3X3 in the above IN-BRED examples, and here are the results for the
multiple Champion sire SIR TRISTRAM, one time world leader for leaving the highest
number of Group 1 winners.
100… here are the results based on the examples we have in
our database.
364 horses inbred 3x3 or closer to SIR TRISTRAM in our
database. 164 named ones with the following records.
45 named horses were UNRACED…………...27.40%
38 named horses were UNPLACED………….23.17%
23 named horses were PLACED……………...14.02%
34 named horses WON 1 RACE………............20.73%
26 named horses WON 2 RACES……..............15.85%
33 named horses WON 3 OR MORE RACES...20.12%
(3wins x11, 4wins x7, 5wins x7, 6wins x3,
7wins x4, 11wins
x1)
4 STAKES HORSES…………………………....2.43%
(8wG111, 8wG23LL,
8wL, 4wG222)
101….What does this mean?
Even with a world champion sire like SIR TRISTRAM,
the close IN-BREEDING is too strong, too blatant and
has obviously suppressed speed and other necessary traits.
There are slight differences between 2x4, 3x3 and 4x3…also between male and
female, also between male, opposites, balanced and when combination methods
come into play.
102….A huge 64% had quite a few problems and showed none or
very limited ability and fitted into the UNRACED, UNPLACED OR PLACED.
This is a real party pooper when the sire, his success and
standard of mating and opportunities are considered.
15.85% won 2 races, so would not have paid their way.
20.12% won 3 races, so might be half pay their way.
ONLY 4 horses out of 164 to race won a STAKES RACE.
103……Looks like there could have been a lot of doubling up
of faults such as bent hocks, front alignment problems, wind sucking , temperament, etc, plus nearly
all these horses lacked an essential method in their makeup to allow the
blatant IN-BREEDING to work. Possibly the biggest problem was this basic cross
was too close and inhibited
and negated the essential speed component.
104…….Overall, these records show there is no clear cut
benefit, just the production of a huge number of unracable, faulty, unplaced
and limited ability, placed horses.
105……..The champions did not materialize, even using a world
class sire, yet paradoxically, these in-breedings are essential for appearing
in many future pedigrees so lots of outstanding horses can be bred in the
future.
106…….INBREEDING TO STAR
KINGDOM
Here is an outstanding sprinter that revolutionized the
breeding industry in Australia .
He was many times
Champion sire, had very good constitution and was
exceptionally good at producing Champion 2yos and
Golden Slipper winners.
107…..I’ve selected him because we have plenty of his
descendants in our database. He was the Australian super speed sire whose best progeny
have been outstanding and were also given outstanding opportunities.
108……I was surprised that there were 9,584 horses in our
database that had two or more crosses to STAR KINGDOM in their pedigrees within
the first five generations.
109……There were 509 named horses inbred 3X3 or closer to STAR
KINGDOM
424 were UNRACED………………………83.30%
16 were UNPLACED………………………3.14%
12 were PLACED…………………………..2.35%
18 were ONE RACE WINNERS……………3.53%
5 were TWO
RACE WINNERS…………….0.98%
18 were
MULTIPLE RACE WINNERS……3.53%
….(3w,3w,3w,4w4w4w4w4w,5w5w5w,)
….(6w6w,7w,8w8w8w,9wins)
7 were STAKES
PLACED………………….1.14%
….(1w-L,2G3,3L----2w-4G3----2w-2LL,4G3----2w-2G3,
)
….( 3w-3G3,4G3LL----4w-4L----
6w-2G1,3L,3L)
9 were STAKES
WINNERS…………………1.76%
….(1wL---1wL,2G3,3L----2wG2L,2G23----6w-L)
….(7wLL--8wG1223LL--10wG113L--11w-G3LL--12wLL)
110…….This
large number of IN-BRED matings involves a
sensational
speed sire, so the expectation would be for
some
brilliant big time speedsters.
111…….But not
so. A huge percent were unraced
which leads
one to believe that there were real faults in the
background which
became intensified.
112……If the
reader looks at the relatively weak female line
of STAR
KINGDOM
from this
region.
113…..The
other well known fault in the progeny of STAR
KINGDOM is
the common occurrence of a leg alignment
fault. Lots
of regular race goers will have seen these leg
problems,
especially when a leg is thrown out at almost
right angles.
114……INBREEDING
3X3 and closer obviously causes a
huge amount
of wastage when faults on both sides are bought
into play.
Probably 10 to 20 times more faults than
superior
traits are
available to duplicate in double strength compared
with superior
tandem traits.
115……MANY SERIOUS
AND KNOWLEDGEABLE
BREEDERS are
rightly very concerned with good
conformation
in their breeding stock, especially correct
alignments,
and they try to consistently use superior sires that
leave
outstanding gallopers.
116……It’s a
bit of a problem when the best sires available
come up with
big problems in a fair proportion of their
offspring , as
well as siring some top gallopers. In NZ there
are a couple
of handfuls of sires, including at least four
Champion
Sires that had obvious physical leg and
conformation
faults yet all have left some Champions.
117…….We
think there are other problems here for racing
of the
progeny as well. It involves SELECTION of ancestry
and when
IN-BREEDING involves using this very speedy
ancestry, the
progeny get an overwrought mental system.
118….Essential
balance is destroyed.
119…Several
problems are observable in the legs from the
many examples
I have seen. A quick check of the method of
IN-BREEDING also
shows that nearly half the in-breedings
have one of
the two methods which blatantly destroy or
inhibit
speed.
120….Another consequence
or problem is the very prevalent
fading syndrome
at the end of a sprint distance.
The majority
of cases I’ve examined seem to have a measure
of inbreeding
depression, usually accompanied by a
reduction of
size.
121…..I’ve
also noticed a small proportion of animals that
did have good
size. Mostly they were accompanied by other
breeding
methods and a surprising number demonstrated
worthwhile
racing ability.
122…..The
follow up on quite a few IN-BRED 2yos
that raced at
3yrs and 4yrs revealed that many did not have a
good race record
later on in the majority of cases.
The
in-breeding seemed to inhibit their ability to improve
with age as
better balanced horses did.
123….One of
the major observable faults of in-breeding
seems to be the
light frames I’ve noticed on race days, the
excitability,
sweating-up, scratchy action and inability to
withstand
work because of lack of constitution.
124….Many
years ago, I made a long list of dozens of in-
bred horses that
were destroyed. Mostly these belonged to
well known blood-lines
with well known faults. However,
the
in-breeding was a common factor that caused a further
brittleness
and the force or impact of galloping was enough
to shatter
the highly pressurized little bones that bore so
much weight
when at full gallop and the added weight of a
rider
obviously was an over-the-top extra factor.
125….The
bones and joints seemed to have a brittleness and
a large
susceptibility to fracture, especially coffin bones and
pedal bones.
126….The
above examples show there were about 3 horses
out of every
hundred that could pay its way on the
racecourse.
127…..These are microscopic odds, and at the expense of a
huge wastage of horses.
Best to do
expert research first, work out the odds, use very
sound
breeding animals and be prepared to cull at least 19 out
of every 20
you breed.
128….IN-BREEDING can be over-powering and is usually far too
close for Nature to use because there is a preference for methods that are MUCH
SAFER, EVEN MORE POWERFUL, AND MUCH MORE RELIABLE.
129……Research shows Nature will go out of her way to hunt
for these better ways, and will richly reward them by producing numerous
outstanding gallopers with the same strong breeding method.
130…..We know Nature likes these methods because she also
rewards strong hidden variations on the same principles
over and over, even when they are cunningly disguised
in pedigrees.
131…..The outcome for IN-BREEDING is very consistent
with very high wastage from good breeding, and very few
outstanding animals being produced. The risks would appear to be too high unless
you discover the secrets that do exist in the pedigrees of the very best
IN-BRED gallopers.
132…There are rewards in the in-breeding arena, but you have
to know the rules, be extremely insightful, very patient, very knowledgeable
and very lucky.
Les Pratt…. 6-Jan-2006 … lpratt@clear.net.nz
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